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Command su sets a new user id to use. If no user id is given, root is
used.
Normally su invokes a subshell with a different user id. With
argument '-' (more recent synonyms -l or --login) su invokes shell
like login shell. However, it does not use login program to do this
but uses a yet another built-in path for login 'simulation' (term used
in the source code). It is:
for normal users
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/X11:.
for root user
/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin
su makes many quite subtle environment changes as well.
There is a group of commands that make use of super user commands
safer. They allow better logging, user-based restrictions and usage
of individual passwords. Most widely used is sudo.
$ sudo env
executes command env as super user (if it is configured to allow it).
sudo command has again a different approach to path handling. It
modifies the search path so that the current directory is always the
last one. However, it does not modify PATH environment variable.
'sudo env' and 'env' give the same value for PATH variable. Sudo adds
just couple of environment variables like SUDO_USER.
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